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2012
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335i 2D Convertible, Automatic Trans
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Repair and Diagnosis
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General Information
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OEM General Information
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Functional Descriptions - F25 - Cooling System, Engine Performance
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Engine Performance - Functional Description
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Detection of air mass deviations
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Air mass deviations
Air mass deviations
Fig 1: Air Mass Deviations Curve
Courtesy of BMW OF NORTH AMERICA, INC.
y-axis air masses
y-axis position feedback from actuators
x-axis time
Measured air mass
Calculated air mass
Courtesy of BMW OF NORTH AMERICA, INC.