Included Angle (IA)

Included angle is the Camber angle and SAI combined. IA is also helpful when trying to diagnose bent suspension components. Knowing the IA and SAI is helpful when adjusting Camber. If the desired Camber angle cannot be achieved, then looking at SAI and IA could help determine the cause.

Fig 1: Identifying Included Angle (IA)

Courtesy of BMW OF NORTH AMERICA, INC.

Depending on the type of alignment equipment used, S.A.I. and I.A. can be measured by raising the vehicle. Look for any excessive deviations from side to side. This could indicate possible chassis (frame) damage or bent components (strut/spindle).