Repair and Diagnosis (Single Page)
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Quick Lookups- Accessories & Equipment
- Body & Frame
- Brakes
- Anti-Lock Brakes
- Anti-Lock - Traction Control
- Identification
- Description
- Operation
- Servicing
- Reinitializing Abs/ASC+T Control Unit
- Bleeding Brake System
- Troubleshooting
- Diagnosis & Testing
- Removal & Installation
- Torque Specifications
- Wiring Diagrams
- Anti-Lock - Traction Control
- Mechanical - Hydraulic
- Disc
- Model Identification
- Description & Operation
- Bleeding Brake System
- Adjustments
- Troubleshooting
- Notes
- Symptom A: Brakes Pull To One Side
- Symptom B: Brakes Excessively Hot While Driving
- Symptom C: Poor Braking Effect
- Symptom D: Brake Pedal Motion Too Soft & Spongy
- Symptom E: Brake Pedal Travel Excessive
- Symptom F: Uneven Pad Wear
- Symptom G: Brake Pads Worn At Angle
- Symptom H: Seized Brake Pads
- Symptom I: Brakes Squeal Or Rattle
- Symptom J: Brake Pedal Dead Travel Excessive
- Symptom K: Jammed Piston In Brake Caliper
- Symptom L: Pulsating Effect On Brake Pedal
- Symptom M: Handbrake Effect Insufficient
- Testing
- Removal & Installation
- Abs/ASC+T Control Unit Cable
- Brake Booster
- Brake Caliper
- Brake Discs
- Brake Disc Pads
- Brake Light Switch
- Brake Lines
- Front Axle Seals & Bearings
- Hydraulic Reservoir
- Master Cylinder
- Parking Brake BOWDEN Cable, Left Or Right
- Parking Brake Lever
- Parking Brake Indicator Light Switch
- Parking Brake Shoes
- Power Flow Regulator
- Rear Wheel Bearing
- Overhaul
- Torque Specifications
- Disc Brake Specifications
- Special Tools
- Operating Fluids - Brakes
- Operating Fluids - Pedals
- Disc
- Anti-Lock - Traction Control
- Identification
- Description
- Operation
- Servicing
- Reinitializing Abs/ASC+T Control Unit
- Bleeding Brake System
- Troubleshooting
- Diagnosis & Testing
- Removal & Installation
- Torque Specifications
- Wiring Diagrams
- Anti-Lock Brakes
- Drivelines & Axles
- Axle Shafts
- Axle Shafts
- Operating Fluids - Front Axle
- Operating Fluids - Rear Axle
- 1.0 General Information On Final Drive Oil
- 2.0 Approved Final Drive Oils For Front And Rear Axle Final Drives With And Without Limited Slip Or Viscous Coupling
- 3.0 Final Drive Oil For BMW M1 Motorsport Coupe
- 4.0 Oil Change Intervals
- 5.0 Cars Without Service Indicator (Including BMW M1)
- 6.0 Cars With Service Indicator
- 7.0 Output Shafts
- 8.0 Wheel Bearings
- 9.0 Differential Housing Final Drive Covers And Housing
- Differentials & Drive Axles
- Operating Fluids - Front Axle
- Operating Fluids - Rear Axle
- 1.0 General Information On Final Drive Oil
- 2.0 Approved Final Drive Oils For Front And Rear Axle Final Drives With And Without Limited Slip Or Viscous Coupling
- 3.0 Final Drive Oil For BMW M1 Motorsport Coupe
- 4.0 Oil Change Intervals
- 5.0 Cars Without Service Indicator (Including BMW M1)
- 6.0 Cars With Service Indicator
- 7.0 Output Shafts
- 8.0 Wheel Bearings
- 9.0 Differential Housing Final Drive Covers And Housing
- Driveshaft & Universal Joints
- Axle Shafts
- Electrical
- Body Electrical
- Charging Systems
- Component Locations
- Fuses & Circuit Breakers
- Motors, Switches, Relays
- Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
- Engine Mechanical
- Accessory Drive Belts
- Cooling System (Mechanical)
- Operating Fluids - Exhaust System
- Fuel System - Operating Fluids
- Mechanical
- Basic Measuring Techniques - Overview
- Operating Fluids - Engine
- 1.0 General Information
- Notes
- Good Wear Protection and Friction Reduction
- Limited Tendency to Produce Combustion Residue
- Favorable Viscosity Temperature Behavior
- Anti-Foaming
- Good Corrosion Inhibition
- Mixing Ability/Compatibility
- Good Thermal Conductivity/Good Cooling Property
- Good Dispersant/Detergent Qualities
- Oxidation Inhibitors and Aging Stability
- 2.0 Grading Of Oils
- 3.0 Engine Oil Requirements and Specifications
- 4.0 Engine Oil Change Intervals
- 5.0 Condition Based Service
- 6.0 Engine Oil Additives
- 7.0 Break-In Instructions
- 8.0 Engine Oil Applied to Engine Exhaust Studs
- 9.0 Lubricant For Oxygen Sensor
- 10.0 Oil Consumption
- 11.0 References
- 12.0 Operating Fluids Table and Alternate Suppliers
- 1.0 General Information
- Engine Performance
- Emissions
- Emission Applications
- Emission Control Abbreviations
- State Emission Standards - Diesel
- State Emission Standards - Gas
- ALASKA
- ARIZONA
- CALIFORNIA
- Colorado
- CONNECTICUT
- DELAWARE
- District Of COLUMBIA
- GEORGIA
- IDAHO
- ILLINOIS
- INDIANA
- KENTUCKY
- MARYLAND
- MASSACHUSETTS
- MISSOURI
- NEVADA
- New Jersey
- New MEXICO
- New YORK
- North CAROLINA
- OHIO
- OREGON
- PENNSYLVANIA
- RHODE Island
- TENNESSEE
- TEXAS
- UTAH
- VIRGINIA
- WASHINGTON
- WISCONSIN
- U. S. EPA ASM2525 & ASM5015 Start-Up Emission Standards
- U. S. EPA Revised Final ASM Emission Standards (ASM5015 & ASM2525)
- U.S. EPA Im240 Emission Standards
- Fuel Delivery
- Engine Controls - Pin Voltage Charts V12 1991-94
- Engine Controls - Service & Adjustment Specifications - V12
- System
- Coding And Programming - Overview
- Introduction to Coding & Programming
- Coding & Programming Equipment
- Coding Plug
- Variant Coding
- Coding Code
- Vehicle Coding Information
- EPROMs & EEPROMs
- Progman
- Notes
- Progman Introduction
- What Will Progman Do For Me?
- Getting Started With Progman
- Administration
- Starting a Programming or Coding Session with Progman
- Shutting Down the SSS
- Coding, Individualization & Programming (CIP)
- Engine Controls - Self Diagnostics
- Introduction
- Self-Diagnostic System
- Self-Diagnostics Feature
- Notes
- READ STATUS Diagnostic Function
- Injection Control
- Airflow Measurement
- Fuel Injection
- Catalytic Converter Protection Function (Ignition Circuit Monitoring)
- Overheating Protection Function
- Cold Start Control
- Fuel Evaporation Control For Models With Catalytic Converter
- Emission (Lambda) Control For Models With Catalytic Converter
- Adaptions
- Fuel Evaporation Control Adaption
- Idle Air Adaption
- Idle Mixture Adaption
- Part Load Mixture Adaption
- CO-Potentiometer
- Engine Speed Control
- EKP-Relay
- A/C Compressor Cut-Out
- Drlve-Away Protection
- Automatic Stability Control (ASC)
- Engine Drag Torque Control (MSR)
- Characteristics Map Changeover For EH Transmission
- EML Functions
- Self Diagnosis
- Testing Procedure
- Retrieving Diagnostic Trouble Codes
- Clearing Diagnostic Trouble Codes
- Control Unit Identification & Location
- Self-Diagnostics Feature
- Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
- Component Locations
- Connector Identification
- Diagnostic Tests
- Notes
- DTC 0: Undefined Fault
- DTC 1: Tr Signal/EKP Relay
- DTC 3: Fuel Injectors (Cylinders 2, 4, 6 & 8, 10, 12)
- DTC 8: Check Engine Light
- DTC 16: Ignition
- DTC 18: Final Stage Pin 18
- DTC 32: Fuel Injectors (Cylinders 1, 3, 5 & 7, 9, 11)
- DTC 36: Tank Venting Valve
- DTC 37: Sensor Heater Relay
- DTC 41: Air Mass Sensor (HLM)
- DTC 48: A/C Compressor Shutoff
- DTC 54: Control Unit Power Supply
- DTC 63: Converter Lockup Clutch
- DTC 64: Ignition Timing Tap
- DTC 70: Oxygen Sensor
- DTC 73: Road Speed Signal
- DTC 76: Idle Speed Co Potentiometer
- DTC 77: Intake Air Temperature Sensor
- DTC 78: Coolant Temperature Sensor
- DTC 82: Engine Drag Torque Control
- DTC 83: ASC
- DTC 100: Output Stage
- DTC 200: DME Control Unit
- DTC 201: Oxygen Control
- Component Tests
- Notes
- DME Control Unit
- Ignition Coil
- Tr Signal/EKP Relay
- Fuel Evaporation Valve
- Air Mass Sensor
- Pulse Generator/Engine Speed Position
- Pulse Generator - Cylinder Reference (Ignition)
- Check Engine Light
- Fuel Injector Valves
- Sensor Heating Relay
- Oxygen Sensor
- Emission Control
- Adaptions
- Co Potentiometer (Without Catalytic Converter)
- Road Speed Signal
- DME Main Relay
- Control Unit Supply Voltage
- Intake Air Temperature Sensor
- Engine Temperature Sensor
- Idle/Full Load Signal
- Component Resistance & Engine Performance Specifications
- Summary
- Wiring Diagrams
- Coding And Programming - Overview
- Testing & Diagnosis
- Coding And Programming - Overview
- Introduction to Coding & Programming
- Coding & Programming Equipment
- Coding Plug
- Variant Coding
- Coding Code
- Vehicle Coding Information
- EPROMs & EEPROMs
- Progman
- Notes
- Progman Introduction
- What Will Progman Do For Me?
- Getting Started With Progman
- Administration
- Starting a Programming or Coding Session with Progman
- Shutting Down the SSS
- Coding, Individualization & Programming (CIP)
- Engine Controls - Self Diagnostics
- Introduction
- Self-Diagnostic System
- Self-Diagnostics Feature
- Notes
- READ STATUS Diagnostic Function
- Injection Control
- Airflow Measurement
- Fuel Injection
- Catalytic Converter Protection Function (Ignition Circuit Monitoring)
- Overheating Protection Function
- Cold Start Control
- Fuel Evaporation Control For Models With Catalytic Converter
- Emission (Lambda) Control For Models With Catalytic Converter
- Adaptions
- Fuel Evaporation Control Adaption
- Idle Air Adaption
- Idle Mixture Adaption
- Part Load Mixture Adaption
- CO-Potentiometer
- Engine Speed Control
- EKP-Relay
- A/C Compressor Cut-Out
- Drlve-Away Protection
- Automatic Stability Control (ASC)
- Engine Drag Torque Control (MSR)
- Characteristics Map Changeover For EH Transmission
- EML Functions
- Self Diagnosis
- Testing Procedure
- Retrieving Diagnostic Trouble Codes
- Clearing Diagnostic Trouble Codes
- Control Unit Identification & Location
- Self-Diagnostics Feature
- Diagnostic Trouble Code Definitions
- Component Locations
- Connector Identification
- Diagnostic Tests
- Notes
- DTC 0: Undefined Fault
- DTC 1: Tr Signal/EKP Relay
- DTC 3: Fuel Injectors (Cylinders 2, 4, 6 & 8, 10, 12)
- DTC 8: Check Engine Light
- DTC 16: Ignition
- DTC 18: Final Stage Pin 18
- DTC 32: Fuel Injectors (Cylinders 1, 3, 5 & 7, 9, 11)
- DTC 36: Tank Venting Valve
- DTC 37: Sensor Heater Relay
- DTC 41: Air Mass Sensor (HLM)
- DTC 48: A/C Compressor Shutoff
- DTC 54: Control Unit Power Supply
- DTC 63: Converter Lockup Clutch
- DTC 64: Ignition Timing Tap
- DTC 70: Oxygen Sensor
- DTC 73: Road Speed Signal
- DTC 76: Idle Speed Co Potentiometer
- DTC 77: Intake Air Temperature Sensor
- DTC 78: Coolant Temperature Sensor
- DTC 82: Engine Drag Torque Control
- DTC 83: ASC
- DTC 100: Output Stage
- DTC 200: DME Control Unit
- DTC 201: Oxygen Control
- Component Tests
- Notes
- DME Control Unit
- Ignition Coil
- Tr Signal/EKP Relay
- Fuel Evaporation Valve
- Air Mass Sensor
- Pulse Generator/Engine Speed Position
- Pulse Generator - Cylinder Reference (Ignition)
- Check Engine Light
- Fuel Injector Valves
- Sensor Heating Relay
- Oxygen Sensor
- Emission Control
- Adaptions
- Co Potentiometer (Without Catalytic Converter)
- Road Speed Signal
- DME Main Relay
- Control Unit Supply Voltage
- Intake Air Temperature Sensor
- Engine Temperature Sensor
- Idle/Full Load Signal
- Component Resistance & Engine Performance Specifications
- Summary
- Wiring Diagrams
- Coding And Programming - Overview
- Emissions
- General Information
- Abbreviations
- Basic Trouble Shooting
- Basic Trouble Shooting - General Information
- Commonly Used Abbreviations - General Information
- Emission Control Abbreviations
- Engine Performance - Trouble Shooting - General Information
- Brakes
- Anti-Lock Brake Safety Precautions - General Information
- Map - Brake Systems
- Brake Systems
- Notes
- Map Standards Of Service
- The Map Process - Overview
- The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
- Accelerometers
- Accumulators
- Anchor Pins
- Anti-Lock Brake Control Assembly(Module)
- Anti-Lock Brake Controller
- Anti-Lock Brake Systems
- Axle Seal
- Backing Plates
- Bleeder Screw
- Brake Abs Active Light (Blue)
- Brake Fluid
- Brake Friction Material
- Brake On - Off Switch
- Brake Pads
- Brake Pedals
- Brake Shoe Hardware
- Brake Shoes
- Brake Stoplight Switches
- Brake Warning Light (Amber)
- Brake Warning Light (Red)
- Bulb Sockets
- Bulbs And LEDS
- Caliper Hardware
- Caliper Mounting Pin
- Caliper Piston
- Caliper Shim
- Caliper Slider Pin (Bolt) Dust Boot
- Caliper Slider Pin (Bolt)
- Calipers
- Combination Valve
- Controllers
- Digital Ratio Axle Controllers And Buffers (Drab And Dram)
- Disable Switches
- Drums
- Electrical Brake Pumps
- Electrical Park Motor
- Electrical Pumps And Motors
- Electro-Magnetic Interference
- Electronic Brake Control Modulator
- Electronic Brake Distribution
- Electronic Brake Traction Control Module
- Electronic Controllers
- Electronic Traction Control
- External Brake Cable
- Flow Control Valve
- Fluid Level Sensor Switches
- Fluid
- Four Wheel Drive Switches
- Friction Material
- G Sensors
- Gaskets
- Gravitational Switches
- Grease Seal
- Height Sensing Proportioning Valve
- High Pressure Accumulator
- Hoses
- Hub
- Hydraulic Control Unit
- Hydraulic Modulators
- Hydro-Boosters
- Hydro-Electric Boosters (POWERMASTER)
- Ignition Disable Switches
- Lamp Driver Relay
- Lateral Acceleration Switches
- LEDS
- Lenses
- Low Pressure Accumulator
- Lug Nut
- Master Cylinder Cover Gasket
- Master Cylinders
- Modulators
- Motor Pack
- Motors
- Pads
- Parking Brake Cable
- Parking Brake Mechanism
- Parking Brake Shoes
- Parking Brake Switches
- Parking Brake Systems
- Pedal Travel Switches
- Pedals
- Power Distribution Center
- POWERMASTER
- Pressure Differential Switches
- Pressure Switches
- Pressure Transducers
- Proportioning Valve
- Pumps
- Relays
- RELUCTOR (Speed) Ring
- Rotors
- Self-Adjusting Systems
- Shoe Hardware
- Shoes
- Sockets
- Speed Sensor (RELUCTOR) Ring
- Speed Sensors (Electronic Wheel And Vehicle)
- Star Wheel
- Steel Brake Lines
- Stoplight Switches
- Stroke Sensor
- Switches
- Tires
- Tone Ring
- Toothed Rings (Tone Wheel)
- Traction Control System (TCS)
- Transfer Tubes
- Vacuum Boosters
- Vacuum Hoses
- Valves
- Wear Indicator
- Wheel Attachment Hardware
- Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
- Wheel Cylinders
- Wiring Harnesses
- Yaw Rate Sensor
- Brake System CHECKSHEET
- Reason Code Explanation
- Automotive Terminology & Definitions
- Brake Systems
- Map - Routine Inspection Reference Guide
- Routine Inspection Reference Guide
- Notes
- Map Standards Of Service
- The Map Process - Overview
- The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
- Maintenance Overview
- Antifreeze/Coolant
- Visual Inspection
- Radiator Cap Test
- Engine Fan
- Cooling System Power Flush And Refill
- Belts (Except Timing Belts)
- Belt TENSIONER
- Automatic Transmission Fluid
- Automatic Transmission Fluid Exchange & Filter Replacement
- Engine Oil
- Air Filters
- Cabin Air Filter
- Brake Fluid
- Battery
- Battery Cables
- Power Steering
- Power Steering Fluid
- Wiper Blades
- Routine Inspection CHECKSHEET
- Routine Inspection - UICS
- Brake Systems
- Drivetrain And Transmission
- Notes
- Automatic Transmission Fluid
- Clutch Master Cylinders
- Cooler Lines
- Coolers
- Differential Fluid
- Drain Plugs And Gaskets
- Filters And Screens
- Fluids And Lubricants
- Hoses, Lines, And Tubes
- Hydraulic Fluid
- Lubricants
- Manual Transmission Fluid
- Mounts (Engine, Transaxle And Transmission)
- Transfer Case Fluid
- Vacuum Hoses
- Electrical Systems
- Engine Performance And Maintenance
- Notes
- Accessory Belts
- Air Filter Elements
- Air Filter Gaskets
- Air Filter Housings And Gaskets
- Air Pump Belts
- Batteries
- Battery Connectors
- Belt Idler Assemblies (Accessory And Cam Belts)
- Belt TENSIONERS (Accessory And Cam Belt)
- Chemical Engine DECARBONIZATION
- Combustion Chamber Cleaning
- Coolant Recovery Tanks
- Coolant
- Distributor Caps
- Distributor Rotors
- Engine Cooling Systems
- Engine DECARBONIZATION
- Engine Oil Drain Plugs And Gaskets
- Engine Oil Filters And Canisters
- Engine Oil
- Fuel Filters
- Fuel Injector Cleaning
- Fuel Injectors
- Fuel System Cleaning Service
- Hose Clamps
- Hose Connectors
- Hose Couplers
- Hoses And Tubes (Fuel Lines, Radiator, Vacuum, By-Pass, Heater, Recovery Tank And Oil Coolers)
- Ignition Wires (Secondary)
- Intake Cleaning
- O2 Sensors
- PCV Breather Elements
- PCV Valves
- Radiator Caps And Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
- Spark Plugs
- Thermostats And Housings
- Throttle Body Cleaning
- Timing Belts
- Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And Connections (Non-Metallic)
- Exhaust Systems
- Heating, Ventilation And Air Conditioning Systems
- Steering And Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels And Tires
- Wheel & Tire Supplement
- Reason Code Explanation
- Automotive Terminology & Definitions
- Routine Inspection Reference Guide
- Check Lists
- Driveline/Axles
- Drive Axle Noise Diagnosis - General Information
- Gear Tooth Contact Patterns - General Information
- Map - Drive Train & Transmission
- Drive Train & Transmission Systems
- Drivetrain And Transmission
- Notes
- Actuators (Electrical)
- Actuators (Vacuum)
- Automatic Transmission / Transaxle Assemblies/CVTS
- Automatic Transmission Fluid
- Axles
- Bearings And Races
- Bell Cranks
- Bell Housings
- Bushings (External)
- Cables (Speedometer)
- Cables (TV, Detent And Shift)
- Carrier Bearings
- Clutch Cables And Cable Housings
- Clutch Discs (Manual Transmissions)
- Clutch Forks
- Clutch Linkages (Mechanical)
- Clutch Master Cylinders
- Clutch Pedals
- Clutch Pivots
- Clutch Pressure Plates
- Clutch Release Bearings
- Clutch Slave Cylinders (Concentric)
- Clutch Slave Cylinders (Conventional Or External)
- Companion Flanges
- Connectors
- Cooler Bypass Valves
- Cooler Lines
- Coolers
- CV Joints
- Differential And Final Drive Assemblies
- Differential Fluid
- Dip Stick Tubes
- Dip Sticks (Fluid Level Indicators)
- Dowel Pins, Guides And Pilot Holes
- Drain Plugs And Gaskets
- Drive Shaft Flanges
- Drive Shafts And Half Shafts
- Dust Boots
- Engine Mounts
- Exciter Rings
- Filler Tubes
- Filters And Screens
- Flanges
- Flex Plates
- Fluid Level Indicators
- Fluids And Lubricants
- Flywheels
- Force Motors
- Gaskets
- Guides
- Half Shafts
- Hoses, Lines, And Tubes
- Housings (Bell, Case, Tail(Extension) And Auxiliary)
- Hydraulic Fluid
- Intermediate Shaft Support Bearings
- Key Interlock Systems
- Limited Slips
- Lines
- Linkages (External)
- Locking Hub Assemblies
- Locking Hub Control Knobs
- Lubricants
- Manual Transmission Fluid
- Manual Transmission/Transaxle Assemblies
- Metal Clad Seals
- METALASTIC Joints
- Modulator Pins
- Modulators
- Mounts (Engine, Transaxle And Transmission)
- Odometer Drives (Mechanical)
- Odometer Heads (Mechanical)
- Oil Pans
- Pans
- Pilot Holes
- Pressure Plates
- Pressure Switches
- Races
- Rubber Joints (METALASTIC)
- Screens
- Seals (Metal Clad)
- Seals
- Selector Interlock Systems
- Sensors
- Servos
- Shift Interlock Systems (Selector And Key Interlock Systems)
- Side Covers
- Slip Yokes
- Solenoids
- Speed Sensors (Electronic Wheel And Vehicle)
- Speedometer- Driven Gear Housing
- Speedometer/Odometer Drives (Mechanical)
- Speedometer/Odometer Heads (Mechanical)
- Speedometers/Odometers (Electronic)
- Switches
- Tone Wheels
- Toothed Rings (Tone Wheel)
- Torque Converters
- Transaxle Mounts
- Transducers (Transmission)
- Transfer Case Assemblies
- Transfer Case Fluid
- Transmission Coolers
- Transmission Mounts
- Transmission Pans
- Transmission Range Indicators (PRNDL)
- Tubes
- Universal Joints (CARDAN Or Cross Type)
- Vacuum Controls
- Vacuum Hoses
- Vacuum Motors
- Vacuum-Operated Switches
- Vehicle Speed Sensors
- Vents
- Vibration Dampers
- Wheel Attachment Hardware
- Wheel Speed Sensors
- Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
- Yokes And Slip Yokes
- Reason Code Explanation
- Automotive Terminology & Definitions
- Trouble Shooting - Clutches - General Information
- Electrical
- Map - Electrical Systems
- Electrical Systems
- Notes
- Map Standards Of Service
- The Map Process - Overview
- The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
- Actuator Motors (Electric)
- Actuator Motors (Vacuum)
- Air Bags
- Alternators And Generators
- Amplifiers
- Antennas
- Batteries
- Battery Cables, Wires And Connectors
- Battery Cables
- Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
- Battery Wires
- Belts
- Bulb Sockets
- Bulbs, Sealed Beams And LEDS
- Cd Players
- Cigarette Lighter Assemblies
- Circuit Breakers
- Clutch Switches
- Connectors
- Control Modules
- Cruise Control Brake Switches
- Cruise Control Cables
- Cruise Control Clutch Switches
- Cruise Control Linkages And Cables
- Cruise Control Reservoirs
- Cruise Control Tubes
- Cruise Control Vacuum Dump Release Valves
- Cruise Control Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And
- Cruise Control Vehicle Speed Sensors
- Defoggers
- Defrosters
- Delays
- Dimmers
- Electric Heaters
- Equalizers
- Fuse Blocks
- Fuse Boxes And Blocks
- Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
- Fusible Links
- Gauges
- Generators
- Ground Cables And Straps
- Ground Straps
- Headlight Adjusters
- Heating Elements (Defrosters, Defoggers, Electric Heaters And Seats)
- Horns And Sirens
- Ignition Switches
- Indicator Lights
- Keyless Entry Keypads And Transmitters
- Keyless Entry Transmitters
- LEDS
- Lenses
- Microphones
- Mirrors (ELECTROCHROMATIC And Heated)
- Motors
- Neutral Safety Switches
- Odometers, Speedometers And Tachometers (Cable Driven)
- Odometers
- Power Distribution Center
- Pulleys
- Receivers, Amplifiers, Equalizers And Sub-Woofer Volume Controls
- Relay Boxes
- Relays
- Sealed Beams
- Seat Heaters
- Security Alarm Sensors
- Sirens
- Solenoids
- Speakers And Microphones
- Speedometer And Tachometer Linkages And Cables
- Speedometer Cables
- Speedometers
- Starters
- Sub-Woofer Volume Control
- Switches
- Tachometer Cables
- Tachometers
- Tape Players And Cd Players
- TENSIONERS
- Timers
- Transceivers
- Transducers
- Vacuum Accumulators (Reservoirs)
- Voltage Regulators
- Washer Fluid Level Senders
- Washer Pumps
- Wiper Arms And Blades
- Wiper Blades
- Wiper Hoses And Nozzles
- Wiper Linkages
- Wiper Nozzles
- Wiper Pump Reservoirs
- Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
- Battery, Starting & Charging System CHECKSHEET
- Reason Code Explanation
- Automotive Terminology & Definitions
- Electrical Systems
- Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
- Map - Electrical Systems
- Engine
- Engine Overhaul Procedures - General Information
- * Please Read This First *
- Description
- Engine Identification
- Inspection Procedures
- Cleaning Procedures
- Component Cleaning
- Cylinder Head Replacement
- Cylinder Head Overhaul
- Pistons, Connecting Rods & Bearings
- Crankshaft & Main Bearings
- Camshaft
- Timing Chains & Belts
- Timing Gears
- Oil Pump
- Break-In Procedure
- General Cooling System Service - General Information
- Engine Overhaul Procedures - General Information
- Engine Performance
- Electrostatic Discharge Warning - General Information
- Engine Performance Diagnostic Routine Outline - General Information
- Engine Performance Safety Precautions
- Map - Engine Performance & Maintenance
- Engine Performance And Maintenance (Including Exhaust Systems)
- Engine Performance & Maintenance CHECKSHEET
- Engine Performance And Maintenance
- Notes
- Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor
- Accessory Belts
- Accessory Pulleys
- Air Conditioning Cycling Switches
- Air Conditioning Pressure Sensors
- Air Ducts And Tubes
- Air Filter Elements
- Air Filter Gaskets
- Air Filter Housings And Gaskets
- Air Fuel Ratio Sensors
- Air Injection Control Solenoids
- Air Plenums
- Air Pump Belts
- Air Pumps (Electric Driven)
- Air Tubes
- Aspirator, Check And DECEL Valves
- Baffles
- Ballast Primary Supply Resistor Wires
- Ballast Resistors And Primary Supply Resistors
- Barometric Pressure Sensors
- Batteries
- Battery Cables, Wires And Connectors
- Battery Connectors
- Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
- Battery Wires
- Belt Idler Assemblies (Accessory And Cam Belts)
- Belt TENSIONERS (Accessory And Cam Belt)
- Belt-Driven Air Pumps
- Boost Control Mechanism
- Camshaft Position Sensors
- Carburetors And Chokes
- Casting Core Plugs And Expansion Plugs
- Charge Air Coolers ""INTERCOOLERS"" (CAC)
- Check Valves
- Chemical Engine DECARBONIZATION
- Chokes
- Clutch Pedal Position Switches
- Cold Start Injectors
- Combustion Chamber Cleaning
- Connectors
- Coolant Recovery Tanks
- Coolant
- Cooling Fan Motor Modules
- Cooling Fan Motor Relays And Modules
- Cooling Fan Motor Resistors
- Cooling Fan Motor Sensors And Switches
- Cooling Fan Motor Switches
- Cooling Fan Motors
- Crankshaft Position Sensors
- Cylinder Deactivation Solenoid
- Cylinder Head Assemblies
- DECEL Valves
- Deflectors
- Dip Stick Tubes
- Dip Sticks And Tubes
- Distributor Advances And Retarders (Mechanical And Vacuum)
- Distributor Boots And Shields
- Distributor Caps
- Distributor Retarders (Mechanical And Vacuum)
- Distributor Rotors
- Distributor Shields
- Distributors
- Early Fuel Evaporation Valves (Heat Riser Assemblies)
- EGR Coolers
- EGR Exhaust Manifold Passages
- EGR Intake And Exhaust Manifold Passages
- EGR Plates And Coolers
- Electronic Spark Control Modules
- Electronic Transmission Control Devices
- Electronic Transmission Feedback Devices
- Engine Coolant Temperature Sensors
- Engine Cooling Systems
- Engine Covers (Oil Pan, Valve Cover, Timing Cover)
- Engine DECARBONIZATION
- Engine Oil Canisters
- Engine Oil Coolers (External)
- Engine Oil Drain Plugs And Gaskets
- Engine Oil Filters And Canisters
- Engine Oil Gaskets
- Engine Oil Pressure Gauges (Mechanical)
- Engine Oil
- Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canister Filters
- Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canister Purge Devices
- Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canisters
- Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Feedback Devices
- Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Devices
- Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Feedback Devices
- Expansion Plugs
- Fan Control Sensor
- Fuel Accumulators And Dampers
- Fuel And Cold Start Injectors
- Fuel Caps
- Fuel Dampers
- Fuel Delivery Check Valves
- Fuel Distributors (BOSCH Cis)
- Fuel Filler Necks And RESTRICTORS
- Fuel Filters
- Fuel Injector Cleaning
- Fuel Injectors
- Fuel Level Senders
- Fuel Pressure Regulators
- Fuel Pumps (In-Tank, External, Electrical Or Mechanical)
- Fuel Rails
- Fuel RESTRICTORS
- Fuel System Cleaning Service
- Fuel Tanks
- Fuel
- Gaskets
- Grommets (Valve Cover)
- Harmonic Dampers
- Heater Control Valves
- Heater Cores
- Hose Clamps
- Hose Connectors
- Hose Couplers
- Hoses And Tube Couplers, Connectors And Clamps
- Hoses And Tubes (Fuel Lines, Radiator, Vacuum, By-Pass, Heater, Recovery Tank And Oil Coolers)
- Housings
- Idle Air Controls
- Idle Speed Control Actuators
- Ignition Boots
- Ignition Coil Towers
- Ignition Coils
- Ignition Control Modules (ICM)
- Ignition Switches
- Ignition Terminals
- Ignition Wires (Secondary)
- Inertia Fuel Shut-Off Switches
- Intake Air Temperature Sensors
- Intake Cleaning
- Intake Manifolds
- In-Tank Fuel Strainers
- INTERCOOLERS
- Knock Sensors
- Liquid Vapor Separators
- Long Block Assemblies
- Manifold Absolute Pressure (Map) Sensors
- Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensors
- Metal Air Manifolds And Pipes
- Metal Air Pipes
- Mix Control Solenoids
- Motor Mounts
- O2 Sensors
- Oil Pans
- Oil Pressure Sending Units
- Oil Pump Pick-Up Screens
- Oil Pumps
- O-Rings, Gaskets, Seals And Spring Locks
- Park Neutral Position Switches
- PCV Breather Elements
- PCV Orifices
- PCV Valves
- Pick-Up Assemblies (Includes Magnetic, Hall Effect And Optical)
- Power Steering Pressure Sensors
- Powertrain Control Modules (Pcm) And Prom
- Powertrain Control Prom
- Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
- Radiator / Cooling Fan Blades
- Radiator / Cooling Fan Clutches
- Radiator Caps And Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
- Radiators
- Roll Over Valves
- Sealing Compounds
- Seals
- Secondary Air Injection System Management Devices
- Sensors
- Short Block Assemblies
- Shrouds, Baffles And Deflectors
- Spark Plugs
- Spring Locks
- Super Chargers
- Switches
- Thermal Vacuum Valves
- Thermostatic Air Door Assemblies
- Thermostats And Housings
- Throttle Bodies
- Throttle Body Cleaning
- Throttle Cables
- Throttle Linkages And Cables
- Throttle Position Sensors
- Throttle Position Switches
- Timing Belt Sprockets
- Timing Belts
- Timing Covers
- Torque Struts
- Transmission Range Switches
- Tube Clamps
- Tube Connectors
- Tube Couplers
- Tubes
- Turbo Chargers
- Vacuum Connections
- Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And Connections (Non-Metallic)
- Vacuum Regulator Solenoids
- Vacuum Tubes
- Valve Covers
- Vehicle Speed Senors
- Volume Air Flow Sensors
- Waste Gate And Boost Control Mechanisms
- Waste Gate Control Solenoids
- Water Pumps (Electric)
- Water Pumps (Non-Electric)
- Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
- Reason Code Explanation
- Automotive Terminology & Definitions
- Parasitic Load Explanation & Test Procedures - General Information
- State Emission Standards - Diesel
- State Emission Standards - Gas
- ALASKA
- ARIZONA
- CALIFORNIA
- Colorado
- CONNECTICUT
- DELAWARE
- District Of COLUMBIA
- GEORGIA
- IDAHO
- ILLINOIS
- INDIANA
- KENTUCKY
- MARYLAND
- MASSACHUSETTS
- MISSOURI
- NEVADA
- New Jersey
- New MEXICO
- New YORK
- North CAROLINA
- OHIO
- OREGON
- PENNSYLVANIA
- RHODE Island
- TENNESSEE
- TEXAS
- UTAH
- VIRGINIA
- WASHINGTON
- WISCONSIN
- U. S. EPA ASM2525 & ASM5015 Start-Up Emission Standards
- U. S. EPA Revised Final ASM Emission Standards (ASM5015 & ASM2525)
- U.S. EPA Im240 Emission Standards
- Waveforms - Injector Pattern Tutorial - General Information
- * Please Read This First *
- Purpose Of This Article
- Is A Lab Scope Necessary?
- The Two Types Of Injector Drivers
- The Two Ways Injector Circuits Are Wired
- Interpreting Injector Waveforms
- Current Waveform Samples
- Notes
- Example #1 - Voltage Controlled Driver
- Example #2 - Voltage Controlled Driver
- Example #3 - Voltage Controlled Driver
- Example #4 - Current Controlled Driver
- Example #5 - Current Controlled Driver
- Example #6 - Current Controlled Driver
- Example #7 - Current Controlled Driver
- Example #8 - Current Controlled Driver
- Voltage Waveform Samples
- Notes
- Example #1 - Voltage Controlled Driver
- Example #2 - Voltage Controlled Driver
- Example #3 - Voltage Controlled Driver
- Example #4 - Current Controlled Driver
- Example #5 - Current Controlled Driver
- Example #6 - Current Controlled Driver
- Example #7 - Current Controlled Driver
- Example #8 - Current Controlled Driver
- Map - Exhaust Systems
- Exhaust Systems
- Notes
- Map Standards Of Service
- The Map Process - Overview
- The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
- Catalytic Converters
- Exhaust And Tail Pipes
- Exhaust Connections
- Hangers
- Heat Risers (Mechanical EFE Devices)
- Heat Shields
- Manifolds (Cast And Tube Type)
- Mechanical EFE Devices
- Muffler Valve
- Mufflers And Resonators
- Reason Code Explanation
- Exhaust Systems
- Heating, Ventilation & A/C (HVAC)
- Map - Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning
- Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning Systems
- Notes
- Map Standards Of Service
- The Map Process - Overview
- The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
- Accumulators
- Actuators (Electrical)
- Actuators (Vacuum)
- Air Conditioning Fittings
- Air Conditioning Hoses
- Air Conditioning Metal Lines
- Air Control Doors
- Air Dams (External)
- Air Distribution System
- Belts
- Blend Doors
- Blower Fans (Blower Wheel Or Squirrel Cage)
- Blower Motors
- Blower Resistors
- Blower Switches
- Cabin Air Filters
- Circuit Breakers
- Compressor Clutch Assemblies
- Compressors
- Condenser Air Seals
- Condenser Fan Motors
- Condensers
- Connectors
- Control Cables
- Control Heads (Function Selectors)
- Control Linkages
- Control Modules
- Coolant
- Cooling Fan Blades
- Cooling Fan Clutches
- Cooling Fan Motors
- Evaporator Drain Tubes
- Evaporator Filters
- Evaporator Pressure Regulators (EPRS)
- Evaporators
- Expansion Valves
- Function Selectors
- Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
- Fusible Links
- Gaskets
- Heater Cases
- Heater Control Valves
- Heater Cores
- Heater Hoses
- High Pressure Relief Valves (HPRV)
- Idlers
- In-Line Filters
- Metal Fittings
- Metal Lines
- Mix And Air Control Doors (Blend Doors)
- ORIFACE Tubes
- O-Rings
- Pilot-Operated Absolutes (POAS)
- Plenums
- Pressure Control Valves
- Pressure Sensors
- Pulleys
- Radiators
- Receiver-DRIERS
- Refrigerant Oil
- Refrigerant
- Relays
- Seals
- Service Ports
- Spring Lock Couplings
- Suction Throttling Valves (STVS)
- Switches (Electrical)
- TENSIONERS
- Thermistors And Pressure Sensors
- Thermostats And Housings
- Vacuum Hoses And Tubes
- Vacuum Reservoirs
- Vacuum Tubes
- Valves In Receiver (VIRS)
- Water Pumps (Electric Auxiliary)
- Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
- Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning System CHECKSHEET
- Reason Code Explanation
- Automotive Terminology & Definitions
- Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning Systems
- Map - Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning
- Identification
- Metric Conversions
- OEM General Information
- How To Use The Engine Performance Section
- Operating Fluids - Maintenance & General Information
- Maintenance Reminder Light (Reset Procedures)
- Brake Pad Replacement Reminder
- Emissions Maintenance Reminder
- Maintenance Service Reminder
- Notes
- Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Description
- Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
- Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
- Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
- Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
- Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
- Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 06
- Tire Pressure Monitor System Reminder
- Restraints
- Air Bag Deactivation Procedures
- Steering
- Map - Steering, Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels & Tires
- Steering & Suspension Systems
- Wheel And Tire
- Steering & Suspension CHECKSHEET
- Wheels & Tires CHECKSHEET
- Steering And Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels And Tires
- Notes
- Active Handling
- Active Suspension Control Modules
- Active Variable Ratio Steering
- Active Yaw Control
- Adaptive Cruise Control
- Advance TRAC
- Air Bags
- Air Ride Control Modules
- Air Ride Suspension Torsion Springs (Counter Balancing)
- Air Ride Suspension
- Air Ride Tubes
- Air Shocks And Air Struts
- Air Spring Valves
- Air Springs
- Air Suspension Control Valves
- Air Suspension DRIERS
- Axle Acceleration Sensor
- Ball Joints
- Body Acceleration Sensor
- Bushings
- Center Links
- Compressors
- Continuous Damping Control
- Control Arm Shafts
- Control Arms
- Control Modules
- Distance Regulation Control Module
- Distance Regulation Sensor
- Drag Links
- Dynamic Stability Control
- Dynamic Stability Traction Control
- Electronic Ride Control Shocks And Struts
- Electronic Stability Control
- Electronic Suspension System
- Flex Couplers
- Gaskets
- Height Sensors
- Hydraulic Hoses
- Hydraulic Power Steering Pumps
- Hydraulic Suspension Hoses
- Hydraulic Suspension Pumps
- Idler Arms
- Intermediate Shaft U-Joints
- King Pins
- Modules
- Pitman Arms
- Power Steering Belts
- Power Steering Coolers
- Power Steering Fluid
- Power Steering Hoses
- Power Steering Lines (Steel)
- Power Steering Pumps - Electric
- Power Steering Pumps
- Radar Sensor
- Radius Arms
- Relay Rods
- Relays
- Sensors
- Shock Absorbers, Strut Cartridges And Strut Assemblies
- Spindles
- Springs, Coil, Leaf And Torsion Bars
- STABILITRAC
- Stability Management System
- Steering Angle Sensor
- Steering Arms
- Steering Couplers
- Steering Dampers
- Steering Gears (Except Rack And Pinion)
- Steering Gears, Rack And Pinion
- Steering Knuckles
- Strike Out Bumpers
- Strut Bearing Plate Assemblies
- Strut Rods
- Suspension Pumps (Hydraulic)
- Sway Bar Links
- Sway Bar Mounting Bushings
- Sway Bars
- Switches
- Tie Rod Ends (Inner And Outer)
- Tire Pressure Monitoring System
- Tire Pressure Sensors
- Tires
- Torque Sensor
- Torsion Springs
- Track Bar Bushings
- Track Bars
- Trailing Arm Bushings
- Trailing Arms
- Valve Stems
- Vehicle Dynamics Control
- Vehicle Speed Sensor
- Vehicle Stability Assist
- Vehicle Stability/Skid Control
- Warning Lamps
- Wheel Alignment
- Wheel Attachment Hardware
- Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
- Wheels (Rims)
- Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
- Reason Code Explanation
- Automotive Terminology & Definitions
- Wheel Alignment Theory & Operation - General Information
- Map - Steering, Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels & Tires
- Traction Control Disable Procedures
- Trouble Shooting - Manual Transmission - General Information
- Heating, Ventilation & A/C (HVAC)
- Maintenance
- Maintenance Reminder Light (Reset Procedures)
- Brake Pad Replacement Reminder
- Emissions Maintenance Reminder
- Maintenance Service Reminder
- Notes
- Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Description
- Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
- Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
- Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
- Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
- Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
- Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 06
- Tire Pressure Monitor System Reminder
- Maintenance Reminder Light (Reset Procedures)
- Restraints
- Steering
- Manual Steering
- Power Steering
- Suspension
- Electronic Suspension
- Front Suspension
- Rear Suspension
- Operating Fluids - Rear Axle
- 1.0 General Information On Final Drive Oil
- 2.0 Approved Final Drive Oils For Front And Rear Axle Final Drives With And Without Limited Slip Or Viscous Coupling
- 3.0 Final Drive Oil For BMW M1 Motorsport Coupe
- 4.0 Oil Change Intervals
- 5.0 Cars Without Service Indicator (Including BMW M1)
- 6.0 Cars With Service Indicator
- 7.0 Output Shafts
- 8.0 Wheel Bearings
- 9.0 Differential Housing Final Drive Covers And Housing
- Suspension Systems - Overview
- Operating Fluids - Rear Axle
- Wheel Alignment
- Wheels & Tire System
- Transmission
- Automatic Trans
- 1990-94 Automatic Transmission - Electronic Controls - 8 Series
- Description & Operation
- Component Locations
- Self-Diagnostic System
- Diagnostic Tests
- Notes
- DTC 1: Transmission Relay
- DTC 2: Check Sum EPROM
- DTC 3: KICKDOWN Switch
- DTC 4: Program Switch
- DTC 5: Throttle Valve Signal, Accelerator Pedal Signal
- DTC 6: Solenoid Valve MV1
- DTC 7: Solenoid Valve MV2
- DTC 8: Solenoid Valve MV1, Solenoid Valve MV2
- DTC 9: Lifting Magnet P/N Lock
- DTC 10: Solenoid Valve MV1, Lifting Magnet P/N Lock
- DTC 11: Solenoid Valve MV2, Lifting Magnet P/N Lock
- DTC 12: Solenoid Valve MV1, Solenoid Valve MV2, Lifting Magnet P/N Lock
- DTC 13: Converter Lockup Clutch Solenoid
- DTC 14: Solenoid Valve MV1 Or MV-Wk
- DTC 15: Solenoid Valve MV2 Or MV-Wk
- DTC 16: Solenoid Valve MV1, Solenoid Valve MV2, Solenoid Valve MV-Wk
- DTC 17: Lifting Magnet P/N Lock, MV-Wk
- DTC 18: Solenoid Valve MV1, Lifting Magnet P/N Lock, MV-Wk
- DTC 19: Solenoid Valve MV2, Lifting Magnet P/N Lock, MV-Wk
- DTC 20: Power Supply For MV & Dr
- DTC 21: Engine Speed Signal Tr
- DTC 22: Pressure Regulator Dr
- DTC 23: Ignition Timing Tap
- DTC 24: Speed Sensor N-Ab, Downshift Protection
- DTC 25: OVERREV Guard
- DTC 26: Injection Signal Ti
- DTC 27: Speed Sensor Or Torque Converter
- DTC 28: Fault Display
- DTC 29: Check Sum Program Island
- DTC 30: Battery Voltage
- DTC 31: Selector Lever
- DTC 200: No Kick-Down Shifts Are Performed
- DTC 201: Only Kick-Down Shifts Are Performed
- DTC 202: S-Program Cannot Be Switched
- DTC 203: M-Program Cannot Be Switched
- DTC 204: No Program Switchover
- DTC 205: No Engine Intervention
- DTC 206: Incorrect Fault Display
- DTC 300: Diagnostic Link Defective
- DTC 301: Voltage Supply To Control Unit Defective
- DTC 302: Selector Lever Position
- DTC 303: Selector Lever Position Not Detected
- Component Tests
- Connector Identification
- Pin Voltage Tests
- Wiring Diagrams
- Electronic Transmission - Overview
- Purpose Of System
- Transmission Versions & Control Systems
- Transmission Identification
- System Components
- Transmission Control Module
- Turbine Speed Sensor
- Output Shaft Speed Sensor
- Transmission Oil Temperature Sensor
- KICKDOWN Switch
- Brake Switch
- Transmission Range Selector Switch
- Transmission Program Switch
- STEPTRONIC Components
- Magnetic Valves
- Pressure Regulating Solenoids
- HYDRAMATIC Pressure Regulator
- Instrument Cluster
- Transmission Features & Principles Of Operation
- Adaptive Hydraulic Pressure Control
- Downshift Protection
- Reverse Lockout
- Engine Warm Up Cycle
- ASC/DSC Shift Intervention
- Torque Reduction
- Emergency Program
- A/C Compressor Load Sensing (HYDRAMATIC Transmissions)
- Shift Lock
- Torque Converter Clutch
- Shift Solenoid Control
- Pressure Regulation
- Shift Programs
- STEPTRONIC Shift Modes
- Automatic Functions In Manual Mode
- STEPTRONIC Shifter Circuit
- Adaptive Features (AGS)
- Can Bus Communication
- Diagnosis & Troubleshooting
- TCM Coding & Programming
- Transmission Fluid Information
- Transmission Service
- Operating Fluids - Automatic Transmission
- Operating Fluids - Gear Shift Mechanism
- 1990-94 Automatic Transmission - Electronic Controls - 8 Series
- Operating Fluids - Clutch
- Manual Trans
- Automatic Trans
- External Pages
